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🔆 Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses

📍 Why in News?
✅ Bihar launched its first structured pulse procurement initiative under the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses.

📍 About the Mission

▪️ Objective
✅ Achieve self-sufficiency in pulses
✅ Reduce import dependence
✅ Enhance farmers’ income sustainably

📍 Targets (by 2030–31)
▪️ Production: 350 lakh tonnes
▪️ Area Expansion: 310 lakh hectares

📍 Genesis & Duration
▪️ Announced in Union Budget 2025–26
▪️ Approved on 1 October 2025
▪️ Duration: 6 years (2025–26 to 2030–31)

📍 Nodal Ministry
✅ Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare

📍 Focus Crops
▪️ Tur / Arhar
▪️ Urad
▪️ Masoor

📍 Significance

▪️ Enhances nutritional security (protein-rich pulses)
▪️ Reduces import bills and external dependence
▪️ Supports crop diversification and sustainable agriculture
▪️ Strengthens MSP-based procurement ecosystem

📍 Conclusion
The mission is a key step toward achieving pulse self-reliance, improving farmer incomes, and ensuring food and nutritional security in India.

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Typhoon Ragasa: The Year’s Strongest Storm

📍 About Typhoon Ragasa
✅ Super Typhoon Ragasa, locally known as “Nando,” is one of the most powerful tropical cyclones of 2024.
✅ It affected Luzon (Philippines), Taiwan, South China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam, before weakening into a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam.
✅ It formed over the warm waters of the western Pacific, moving through the Luzon Strait toward southern China.
✅ Classified as a Category 5 super typhoon, Ragasa recorded sustained winds of 280 km/h, nearing the maximum intensity possible for storms on Earth.

📍 Why Was Ragasa So Intense?
✅ Rising global temperatures have made tropical cyclones more powerful, with the Pacific Ocean warming by 1.5°C in the past century.
✅ Storms in Southeast Asia are forming closer to coastlines, intensifying faster, and lasting longer.
✅ Warm ocean waters and a track over open seas helped Ragasa maintain its strength without losing energy over land.

📍 About Super Typhoons
✅ Super typhoons are powerful Pacific tropical cyclones with sustained winds above 150 mph (240 km/h).
✅ They form from tropical disturbances over warm ocean waters with low wind shear.
✅ Common in the Western Pacific, near China, Japan, and the Philippines.

📍 About Tropical Cyclones
✅ A tropical cyclone is a warm-core low-pressure system forming over tropical or subtropical waters with an organized circulation.
✅ The storm’s “dirty side” (right side in the Northern Hemisphere) is usually more destructive due to stronger combined winds.
✅ Formation Process:
1️⃣ Warm, moist air rises over the ocean, creating a low-pressure zone.
2️⃣ Surrounding air rushes in, also warming and rising.
3️⃣ Condensation forms clouds and thunderstorms, releasing heat.
4️⃣ The storm system strengthens using the ocean’s heat and moisture.

📍 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
• Category 1: 74–95 mph – Minimal damage
• Category 2: 96–110 mph – Moderate damage
• Category 3: 111–129 mph – Major hurricane
• Category 4: 130–156 mph – Catastrophic damage
• Category 5: ≥157 mph – Devastating damage

📍 Classification of Tropical Systems
✅ Tropical Depression: Winds <63 km/h
✅ Tropical Storm: Winds 63–118 km/h
✅ Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone: Winds ≥119 km/h

📍 Current Status (2024)
🌧️ Ragasa has weakened to a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam, but continues to bring heavy rainfall to northern provinces.

#TyphoonRagasa #ClimateChange
#Geography

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🔆 Solani River: Floodplain Demarcation

📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Uttar Pradesh Government submitted a Solani River floodplain demarcation report to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) on 7 September 2026.

📍 About Solani River
🟢 Origin: Himalayan foothills near Dehradun.
🟢 Course: Flows through Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.
🟢 Confluence: Joins the Banganga River upstream of Shukratal.

📍 Floodplain Demarcation
🟢 The NGT directed that the floodplain be demarcated using a one-metre contour interval.
🟢 The demarcation is based on a 1-in-100-year return period for floods.
🟢 The floodplain zone was notified for Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar in December 2024.

📍 Significance
🟢 Floodplain demarcation helps identify areas vulnerable to flooding.
🟢 It can support regulated land use and flood-risk management.
🟢 It also helps protect riverine ecosystems from unplanned development.

📌 Prelims Quick Recall

Solani River → Himalayan foothills near Dehradun → Uttarakhand + UP → Banganga → Shukratal → Floodplain: 1-m contour + 1-in-100-year return period

#places_in_news

🔆 Place in News: Norway

📍 Why in News?
✅ Norway has announced a near-ban on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in elementary schools.

📍 About Norway
✅ Capital: Oslo
✅ Located in Northern Europe.
✅ Occupies the western half of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

📍 Political Features
✅ Borders:
• Sweden (East)
• Finland (Northeast)
• Russia (Far Northeast)

✅ Maritime Boundaries:
• Barents Sea (North)
• Norwegian Sea (West)
• North Sea (Southwest)
• Skagerrak Strait (South)

📍 Geographical Features
✅ Nearly two-thirds of the country is mountainous.
✅ Famous for its deeply indented coastline carved by glacial fjords.
✅ One of the world’s leading examples of fjord topography.

📍 Major Water Bodies
✅ Glomma – Longest river.
✅ Lake Mjøsa – Largest lake.
✅ Sognefjord – Longest and deepest fjord in Norway.

📍 Prelims Pointer
✅ Oslo – Capital of Norway.
✅ Part of the Scandinavian Peninsula.
✅ Sognefjord is the longest and deepest fjord in the country.
✅ Shares a land border with Russia, making it one of the few NATO countries directly bordering Russia.

#Prelims #Mapping

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UPSC Mains shorts notes

✅ Modern history - 99 (199) 46 pages CLICK HERE

✅Ethics - 99rs 199 -41 pages CLICK HERE

✅Society 99rs 199 - 40 pages CLICK HERE

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✅World history -99rs 199- 29 pagesCLICK HERE

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✅ Ancient history - 31 pages 79rs (150rs)
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