Телеграм канал «Sunya IAS - PSIR Optional»

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Q22. Comment: Geography as a variable in India's Foreign Policy. (150 Words, 10 Mark)

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Q22. Comment: Geography as a variable in India's Foreign Policy. (150 Words, 10 Mark)

Write Daily, Improve Daily!

👉Join our PSIR Daily Answer Writing (DAW) Program for JUNE 2026

For Day-wise Schedule : CLICK HERE

Please submit your answers by 10am tomorrow, to get your copy evaluated!

📌 You will get your evaluated copies within 24-48 hrs of Submission!

Enroll yourself to witness the improvements in your answer

Social Justice - Session 1.0 - PYQ Session - Sunya IAS - by Sugam Sir - EKLAVYA BATCH!

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Rise of Illiberal Democracies

Meaning: Regimes where elections exist, but liberal values such as constitutionalism, minority rights, press freedom, judicial independence and civil liberties weaken.

Why in news: Freedom House reported that global freedom declined for the 20th consecutive year in 2025, with more countries deteriorating than improving. V-Dem’s recent democracy reports also focus on continuing autocratisation.

Scholar: Fareed Zakaria popularised the term “illiberal democracy.” Also use Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt on democratic backsliding.

Useful in liberal democracy, populism, majoritarianism, constitutionalism, and democratic backsliding. @psir_optional_Sunyaias

Keyword: “Elections without liberalism.”

Covered extensively in PSIR CA Class.

Pax Sinica: A possible China-centred order based on economic connectivity, infrastructure diplomacy, authoritarian capitalism, BRI, digital influence and alternative institutions.

Why in news: US–China rivalry over trade, Taiwan, AI, semiconductors, South China Sea and global institutions has intensified. Recent debates also argue that Pax Americana is weakening, opening space for middle powers and alternative orders. @psir_optional_Sunyaias

Use in changing world order, hegemony, multipolarity, China’s rise, and India’s strategic autonomy.

Keyword: “From liberal hegemony to contested hegemony.”

Scholars:
Joseph Nye — American soft power
John Mearsheimer — great power rivalry
Yan Xuetong — Chinese moral realism
Graham Allison — Thucydides Trap